Flexible job shop scheduling problem under Industry 5.0: A survey on human reintegration, environmental consideration and resilience improvement

The Job Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) has been widely studied in recent decades. Various approaches
have been proposed to support scheduling decisions according to the evolving production environment. The
emergence of technological advancements in the context of Industry 4.0 has brought many changes and made
production scheduling more and more efficient. Today’s Industry 5.0 environment pays much attention to
human considerations, sustainability, and resilience. These modern production environments can be accurately
represented by the flexible shop floor scheduling problem in which various coordinating machines (with
many alternative routing possibilities) and different operators are challenging. Recent literature on JSSP,
which considers the human in the loop, has shown that the well-being and skills of workers significantly
affect scheduling performance. In addition, knowing that industries are responsible for a significant part of
the world’s energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, new studies in scheduling focus on
environmental factors. This paper introduces the Sustainable Flexible Scheduling Problem (SFJSSP) as a human
and energy-efficiency-centered scheduling problem. First, we review the last decade’s literature on Flexible
Job Shop Scheduling Problems (FJSSP) with human and/or environmental considerations. Next, we analyze
the development trends in manufacturing scheduling problems. Finally, we discuss future research challenges
to move towards scheduling 5.0 and suggest a mathematical model that considers human and environmental
factors (in addition to the factors considered by the Classical Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem (CFJSSP)).