Multi-criteria Evaluation of Digital Twins for Industry 5.0: Sustainability, Resilience and Human-Centricity

Digital twins (DTs) are a key enabler of Industry 5.0’s objective to reconcile
operational performance with sustainability and human well-being. However, there is no widely
adopted and reproducible evaluation framework for assessing the contributions of DT to
these objectives. To address this gap, we first conducted a systematic literature review to
identify current practices and limitations, then present a practical, modular six-step evaluation
framework that calculates a single, interpretable score for a DT instance by jointly evaluating
three explicit pillars: sustainability (environmental, economic, and social), resilience, and
human-centricity. The framework combines expert elicitation using a triangular fuzzy number
analytical hierarchy process (TFN-AHP), objective weighting using Shannon entropy, and
epistemic uncertainty modeling through spherical fuzzy sets. An optional PROMETHEE II
module enables pairwise ranking across alternatives. We demonstrate the robustness of the
framework through a sensitivity analysis and five synthetic case studies, with all datasets and
evaluation scripts published to support reproducibility.